The Codex Amiatinus is the earliest surviving complete manuscript of the Latin Vulgate, produced around 700 A.D in the north-east of England, at the Benedictine monastery of Monkwearmouth–Jarrow.
Portrait of Ezra, from folio 5r at the start of Old Testament
It was produced around 700 A.D in the north-east of England, at the Benedictine monastery of Monkwearmouth–Jarrow in the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Northumbria and taken to Italy as a gift for Pope Gregory II in 716.
An illumination of Christ in Majesty, surrounded by the Four Evangelists, at the start of the New Testament in the Codex Amiatinus written at Monkwearmouth-Jarrow
Monastery of Wearmouth-Jarrow, Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey, a Benedictine monastery dating from the 8th Century, Northumbria, England
Ceolfrith
...an Anglo-Saxon Christian abbot and saint. He is best known as the warden of Bede from the age of seven until his death in 716. He was the Abbot of Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey, and a major contributor to the project Codex Amiatinus. He died in Burgundy while en route to deliver a copy of the codex to Pope Gregory II in Rome.
Ceolfrith
...an Anglo-Saxon Christian abbot and saint. He is best known as the warden of Bede from the age of seven until his death in 716. He was the Abbot of Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey, and a major contributor to the project Codex Amiatinus. He died in Burgundy while en route to deliver a copy of the codex to Pope Gregory II in Rome.
Saint Bede's Monastery (St. Paul's), Jarrow [just another UNESCO World Heritage Hoax]
Northumbria around 700 AD
The Kingdom of Northumbria was a medieval Anglian kingdom in what is now Northern England and south-east Scotland.
Northumbria started to consolidate into one kingdom in the early seventh century, when the two earlier core territories of Deira and Bernicia entered into a dynastic union.
King Oswiu
Benedict Biscop
...was an Anglo-Saxon abbot and founder of Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Priory (where he also founded the famous library). Benedict made five overseas voyages (to Rome) in all to stock the library.
Ruins of the rotunda and nave of the Church of Sts Peter and Paul, on the grounds of St Augustine
[UNESCO, 'nuff said.]
Benedict was an abbot of SS. Peter and Paul's, Canterbury, a role he held for two years.
Ecgfrith of Northumbria granted Benedict land in 674 for the purpose of building a monastery. He went to the Continent to bring back masons who could build a monastery in the Pre-Romanesque style. Benedict made his fifth and final trip to Rome in 679 to bring back books for a library, saintly relics, stonemasons, glaziers, and a grant from Pope Agatho granting his monastery certain privileges. Benedict made five overseas voyages in all to stock the library.
In 682 Benedict appointed Eosterwine as his coadjutor and the King was so delighted at the success of St Peter's, he gave him more land in Jarrow and urged him to build a second monastery. Benedict erected a sister foundation (St Paul) at Jarrow. He appointed Ceolfrid as the superior, who left Wearmouth with 20 monks to start the foundation in Jarrow. Bede, one of Benedict's pupils, tells us that he brought builders and glass-workers from Francia to erect the buildings in stone.
Benedict's idea was to build a model monastery for England, sharing his knowledge of the experience of the Church in Europe. It was the first ecclesiastical building in Britain to be built in stone, and the use of glass was a novelty for many in 7th-century England. It eventually possessed what was a large library for the time – several hundred volumes – and it was here that Benedict's student Bede wrote his famous works. The library became world-famous and manuscripts that had been copied there became prized possessions throughout Europe, including especially the Codex Amiatinus.
Saint Bede the Venerable (735)
...the prevalence of an Anglo-Saxon elite culture by the time that Bede—one of Anglo-Saxon England's most prominent historians—was writing in the eighth century.
...relatively contemporary textual sources such as Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People depict relations between Northumbrians and the British as fraught.
The Ecclesiastical History of the English People written by the Venerable Bede in about AD 731, is a history of the Christian Churches in England, and of England generally; its main focus is on the conflict between the pre-Schism Roman Rite and Celtic Christianity. It was originally composed in Latin, and is considered one of the most important original references on Anglo-Saxon history and has played a key role in the development of an English national identity. It is believed to have been completed in 731 when Bede was approximately 59 years old.
Folio 3v from the Petersburg Bede,famous for containing the earliest historiated initial (one containing a picture) in European illumination.
The first of the five books begins with some geographical background and then sketches the history of England, beginning with Caesar's invasion in 55 BC. A brief account of Christianity in Roman Britain, including the martyrdom of St Alban, is followed by the story of Augustine's mission to England in 597, which brought Christianity to the Anglo-Saxons.
Augustine of Canterbury (died probably 26 May 604) was a Benedictine monk who became the first Archbishop of Canterbury in the year 597. He is considered the "Apostle to the English" and a founder of the English Church.
Pope Gregory the Great chose him in 595 to lead a mission, usually known as the Gregorian mission, to Britain to Christianize King Æthelberht and his Kingdom of Kent from Anglo-Saxon paganism. Kent was probably chosen because Æthelberht had married a Christian princess, Bertha, daughter of Charibert I the King of Paris. Augustine landed on the Isle of Thanet and proceeded to Æthelberht's main town of Canterbury.
A general map showing late Roman Kent. The Isle of Thanet was then known as Tanatus
In 597 Augustine of Canterbury is said, by Bede, to have landed with 40 men at Ebbsfleet, in the parish of Minster-in-Thanet, before founding Britain's second Christian monastery in Canterbury (the first was founded fifty years earlier by Columba on Eileach an Naoimh in the Hebrides): a cross marks the spot.
The climax of the third book [of Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People] is the account of the Council of Whitby, traditionally seen as a major turning point in English history.
Whitby Abbey, North Yorkshire...[another fabricated ruin?]
...the substantial ruins of the church have been declared a Grade I Listed building and are in the care of English Heritage
English Heritage
...a charity that manages over 400 historic monuments, buildings and places. These include prehistoric sites, medieval castles, Roman forts and country houses.
[locus of historical fraud]
Plan of Whitby Abbey showing the various periods of building
The Synod of Whitby in 664 was a Northumbrian synod where King Oswiu of Northumbria ruled that his kingdom would calculate Easter and observe the monastic tonsure according to the customs of Rome, rather than the customs practised by Irish monks at Iona and its satellite institutions. The synod was summoned at Hilda's double monastery of Streonshalh (Streanæshalch), later called Whitby Abbey.
The Roman churches and those in Britain and Ireland (often called "Celtic" churches) used different methods to calculate the date of Easter. The church in Northumbria had traditionally used the Celtic method, and that was the date observed by King Oswiu. His wife Eanflæd and a son, Alhfrith, celebrated Easter on the Roman date however, which meant that while one part of the royal court was still observing the Lenten fast, another would be celebrating with feasting.
St. Hild of Whitby, Freemartin.
Hilda of Whitby (c. 614–680) is a Christian saint and the founding abbess of the monastery at Whitby, which was chosen as the venue for the Synod of Whitby. An important figure in the Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England.
Saint King Edwin of Northumbria, St Mary, Sledmere, East Riding of Yorkshire, England.
He converted to Christianity and was baptised in 627; after he fell at the Battle of Hatfield Chase.
the Merovingian princess Bertha of Kent.
Paulinus was a monk from Rome sent to the Kingdom of Kent by Pope Gregory I in 601, along with Mellitus [first bishop of London] and others, as part of the second group of missionaries sent to convert the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity. In 627 King Edwin was baptised on Easter Day, 12 April, along with his entire court, which included the 13-year-old Hilda.
In 657 Hilda became the founding abbess of Whitby Abbey, then known as Streoneshalh; she remained there until her death. The tradition in double monasteries was that men and women lived separately but worshipped together in church.
The monks from Lindisfarne, who would not accept the new rules from the Synod of Whitby, withdrew to Iona, and later to Ireland.
Lindisfarne Castle on Holy island
The Holy Island of Lindisfarne, also known simply as Holy Island (Latin: Insula Sacra), is a tidal island off the northeast coast of England, which constitutes the civil parish of Holy Island in Northumberland. Old Welsh name Medcaut, "Healing Island"
Holy Island has a recorded history from the 6th century AD; it was an important centre of Celtic Christianity under SaintsAidan of Lindisfarne, Cuthbert, Eadfrith of Lindisfarne and Eadberht of Lindisfarne. After the Viking invasions and the Norman conquest of England, a priory was reestablished. A small castle was built on the island in 1550.
The Lindisfarne, or Guile Point, Lighthouses named Guile Point East and Heugh Hill.
Emmanuel Head Beacon (daymark)
The Remains of Lantern Chapel and the Old Coastguard Station
Ida of Bernicia
King Ida (reigned from 547) started the sea-borne settlement of the coast, establishing an urbs regia at Bamburgh across the bay from Lindisfarne.
Bamburgh castle at the coast of Northumberland.
Modern statue of St Aidan beside the ruins of the mediaeval priory.
Aidan of Lindisfarne
Aidan of Lindisfarne
The monastery of Lindisfarne was founded circa 634 by Irish monk Saint Aidan, who had been sent from Iona off the west coast of Scotland to Northumbria at the request of King Oswald. The priory was founded before the end of 634 and Aidan remained there until his death in 651.
Iona is a small island in the Inner Hebrides off the Ross of Mull on the western coast of Scotland. It is mainly known for Iona Abbey, though there are other buildings on the island. Iona Abbey was a centre of Gaelic monasticism for three centuries
Iona Abbey
It is one of the oldest Christian religious centres in Western Europe. The abbey was a focal point for the spread of Christianity throughout Scotland and marks the foundation of a monastic community by St. Columba, when Iona was part of the Kingdom of Dál Riata. Saint Aidan served as a monk at Iona, before helping to reestablish Christianity in Northumberland, on the island of Lindisfarne.
9th-century St Martin's Cross on Iona.
View of the old Abbey remains in the late 19th century, showing the Church and claustral buildings as roofless "ruins."
St. Columba
Saint Columba, Apostle to the Picts
Saint Columba ('church dove' 7 December 521 – 9 June 597) was an Irish abbot and missionary Evangelist credited with spreading Christianity in what is today Scotland at the start of the Hiberno-Scottish mission.
...is remembered today as a Catholic saint and one of the Twelve Apostles of Ireland.
St. Finnian and his pupils in a stained glass window at the Church of St. Finian in Clonard
...is considered one of the fathers of Irish monasticism.
View of the old Abbey remains in the late 19th century, showing the Church and claustral buildings as roofless "ruins."
St. Columba
Saint Columba, Apostle to the Picts
Saint Columba ('church dove' 7 December 521 – 9 June 597) was an Irish abbot and missionary Evangelist credited with spreading Christianity in what is today Scotland at the start of the Hiberno-Scottish mission.
...is remembered today as a Catholic saint and one of the Twelve Apostles of Ireland.
St. Finnian and his pupils in a stained glass window at the Church of St. Finian in Clonard
...is considered one of the fathers of Irish monasticism.
The Book of Kells - Gospel of John
Folio 27r from the Lindisfarne Gospels contains the incipit from the Gospel of Matthew.
According to medieval traditions, Christianity arrived in Britain in the 1st or 2nd century.
An account of the seventy disciples discovered at Mount Athos in 1854 lists Aristobulus as "bishop of Britain".
The Synaxis of the Seventy Apostles
The seventy disciples or seventy-two disciples (known in the Eastern Christian traditions as the Seventy[-two] Apostles) were early emissaries of Jesus mentioned in the Gospel of Luke. According to Luke, the only gospel in which they appear, Jesus appointed them and sent them out in pairs on a specific mission which is detailed in the text.
Saint Aristibule the Old, Apostle, Martyr, and First Bishop of Britain, brother of the Apostle Barnabas
...one of the Seventy Disciples mentioned in Luke 10:1–24
Like Barnabas, he accompanied Saint Paul on his journeys. Catholic tradition identifies Aristobulus with Zebedee, father of James and John. Aristobulus preached and died in Roman Britain, 1st century...the founder of British Christianity.
King Lucius (middle) from the East Window in York Minster
Lucius is a legendary 2nd-century King of the Britons and saint traditionally credited with introducing Christianity into Britain. Lucius is first mentioned in a 6th-century version of the Liber Pontificalis [Jerome], which says that he sent a letter to Pope Eleutherius asking to be made a Christian. The story became widespread after it was repeated in the 8th century by Bede, who added the detail that after Eleutherius granted Lucius' request, the Britons followed their king in conversion and maintained the Christian faith until the Diocletianic Persecution of 303.
According to medieval traditions, Christianity arrived in Britain in the 1st or 2nd century.
An account of the seventy disciples discovered at Mount Athos in 1854 lists Aristobulus as "bishop of Britain".
The Synaxis of the Seventy Apostles
The seventy disciples or seventy-two disciples (known in the Eastern Christian traditions as the Seventy[-two] Apostles) were early emissaries of Jesus mentioned in the Gospel of Luke. According to Luke, the only gospel in which they appear, Jesus appointed them and sent them out in pairs on a specific mission which is detailed in the text.
Saint Aristibule the Old, Apostle, Martyr, and First Bishop of Britain, brother of the Apostle Barnabas
...one of the Seventy Disciples mentioned in Luke 10:1–24
Like Barnabas, he accompanied Saint Paul on his journeys. Catholic tradition identifies Aristobulus with Zebedee, father of James and John. Aristobulus preached and died in Roman Britain, 1st century...the founder of British Christianity.
Pious Frauds:
King Lucius (middle) from the East Window in York Minster
Lucius is a legendary 2nd-century King of the Britons and saint traditionally credited with introducing Christianity into Britain. Lucius is first mentioned in a 6th-century version of the Liber Pontificalis [Jerome], which says that he sent a letter to Pope Eleutherius asking to be made a Christian. The story became widespread after it was repeated in the 8th century by Bede, who added the detail that after Eleutherius granted Lucius' request, the Britons followed their king in conversion and maintained the Christian faith until the Diocletianic Persecution of 303.
William Blake's Illustration Joseph of Arimathea Among the Rocks of Albion
Lamentation over the Dead Christ (Perugino)
Detail of Joseph of Arimatea
Joseph of Arimathea was, according to all four canonical gospels, the man who assumed responsibility for the burial of Jesus after his crucifixion. A number of stories that developed during the Middle Ages connect him with Glastonbury, where the stories said he founded the earliest Christian oratory, and also with the Holy Grail legend.
Joseph was one of the Seventy Apostles appointed in Luke 10.
Medieval interest in Joseph centered on two themes, that of Joseph as the founder of British Christianity (even before it had taken hold in Rome), and that of Joseph as the original guardian of the Holy Grail.
...a Cornish story how "Joseph of Arimathea came in a boat to Cornwall, and brought the child Jesus with him, and the latter taught him how to extract the tin and purge it of its wolfram. This story possibly grew out of the fact that the Jews under the Angevin kings farmed the tin of Cornwall."
Wolframite
In its most developed version, Joseph, a tin merchant, visited Cornwall, accompanied by his nephew, the boy Jesus.
Glastonbury Abbey
Christian legends have claimed that the abbey was founded by Joseph of Arimathea in the 1st century.
The earliest certain historical evidence of Christianity among the Britons is found in the writings of such early Christian Fathers as Tertullian and Origen in the first years of the 3rd century.
Tertullian
Tertullian (AD 155–222) wrote in Adversus Judaeos that Britain had already received and accepted the Gospel in his lifetime.
Tertullian was a prolific early Christian author from Carthage in the Roman province of Africa. Of Berber origin, he was the first Christian author to produce an extensive corpus of Latin Christian literature. He also was an early Christian apologist and a polemicist against heresy, including contemporary Christian Gnosticism. Tertullian has been called "the father of Latin Christianity" and "the founder of Western theology."
...first writer in Latin known to use the term trinity (Latin: trinitas)Joseph of Arimathea was, according to all four canonical gospels, the man who assumed responsibility for the burial of Jesus after his crucifixion. A number of stories that developed during the Middle Ages connect him with Glastonbury, where the stories said he founded the earliest Christian oratory, and also with the Holy Grail legend.
Joseph was one of the Seventy Apostles appointed in Luke 10.
Medieval interest in Joseph centered on two themes, that of Joseph as the founder of British Christianity (even before it had taken hold in Rome), and that of Joseph as the original guardian of the Holy Grail.
...a Cornish story how "Joseph of Arimathea came in a boat to Cornwall, and brought the child Jesus with him, and the latter taught him how to extract the tin and purge it of its wolfram. This story possibly grew out of the fact that the Jews under the Angevin kings farmed the tin of Cornwall."
Wolframite
In its most developed version, Joseph, a tin merchant, visited Cornwall, accompanied by his nephew, the boy Jesus.
Glastonbury Abbey
Christian legends have claimed that the abbey was founded by Joseph of Arimathea in the 1st century.
The earliest certain historical evidence of Christianity among the Britons is found in the writings of such early Christian Fathers as Tertullian and Origen in the first years of the 3rd century.
Tertullian
Tertullian (AD 155–222) wrote in Adversus Judaeos that Britain had already received and accepted the Gospel in his lifetime.
Tertullian was a prolific early Christian author from Carthage in the Roman province of Africa. Of Berber origin, he was the first Christian author to produce an extensive corpus of Latin Christian literature. He also was an early Christian apologist and a polemicist against heresy, including contemporary Christian Gnosticism. Tertullian has been called "the father of Latin Christianity" and "the founder of Western theology."
Origen of Alexandria
"the greatest genius the early church ever produced"
Origen founded the Christian School of Caesarea.
Origen became a catechist at the Catechetical School of Alexandria. He devoted himself to his studies and adopted an ascetic lifestyle as both a vegetarian and teetotaler.
Eusebius claims in his Ecclesiastical History that, as a young man, Origen secretly paid a physician to surgically castrate him, a claim which affected Origen's reputation for centuries, as demonstrated by these fifteenth-century depictions of Origen castrating himself.
Eusebius claims that, as a young man, following a literal misreading of Matthew 19:12, in which Jesus is presented as saying "there are eunuchs who have made themselves eunuch for the sake of the kingdom of heaven".
Eusebius of Caesarea, "Father of Church History"
Eusebius of Caesarea, (AD 260–340), one of the earliest and most comprehensive of church historians, wrote of Christ's disciples in Demonstratio Evangelica, saying that "some have crossed the Ocean and reached the Isles of Britain."
The ruins of Caesarea Maritima
...the provincial capital of Roman Judea, Roman Syria Palaestina and Byzantine Palaestina Prima provinces...in Israeli National Park.
19 years of the Metonic cycle as a wheel, with the Julian date of the Easter New Moon, from a 9th-century computistic manuscript made in St. Emmeram's Abbey
Mount Athos
...a mountain and peninsula in northeastern Greece and an important centre of Eastern Orthodox monasticism.
"Holy Mountain"
1,800-year continuous Christian presence and its long historical monastic traditions, which date back to at least 800 A.D. and the Byzantine era.
...a World Heritage site since 1988.
only males are allowed to enter.
...called the "Garden of Virgin Mary" by the monks.
According to the Athonite tradition, the Blessed Virgin Mary was sailing accompanied by St John the Evangelistfrom Joppa to Cyprus to visit Lazarus. When the ship was blown off course to then-pagan Athos, it was forced to anchor near the port of Klement, close to the present monastery of Iviron. The Virgin walked ashore and, overwhelmed by the wonderful and wild natural beauty of the mountain, she blessed it and asked her Son for it to be her garden. A voice was heard saying "Ἔστω ὁ τόπος οὗτος κλῆρος σὸς καὶ περιβόλαιον σὸν καὶ παράδεισος, ἔτι δὲ καὶ λιμὴν σωτήριος τῶν θελόντων σωθῆναι" (Translation: "Let this place be your inheritance and your garden, a paradise and a haven of salvation for those seeking to be saved"). From that moment the mountain was consecrated as the garden of the Mother of God and was out of bounds to all other women.
Imaginary view of the Alexander monument on Mt. Athos, proposed by Dinocrates
Nazi occupation from the Easter season of 1941 through late 1944, followed immediately by the Greek Civil War in a struggle where Communist efforts failed. The Battle of Greece was reported in Time magazine, "The Stukas swooped across the Aegean skies like dark, dreadful birds, but they dropped no bombs on the monks of Mount Athos".
After the Nazi takeover of Greece, the Epistassia, Athos's four-member executive committee, formally asked Adolf Hitler to place the Autonomous Monastic State under his personal protection, and Hitler agreed...the monks of Mount Athos referred to Hitler as "High Protector of the Holy Mountain".
Jesus in Golgotha by Theophanes the Cretan, Stavronikita monastery, Mt. Athos
Among the most ancient and priceless codices at Mount Athos are the Codex Athous Lavrensis and the Codex Athous Dionysiou.
Hippolytus of Rome was a disciple of Irenaeus, a disciple of Polycarp, a disciple of Apostle John. Hippolytus's works were considered lost prior to their discovery at a monastery on Mount Athos in 1854.
Hippolytus of Rome
The Apostolic Tradition (or Egyptian Church Order) is an early Christian treatise which belongs to genre of the Church Orders. It has been described as of "incomparable importance as a source of information about church life and liturgy in the third century".
The Apostolic Tradition, if it is the work of Hippolytus, recorded the first liturgical reference to the Virgin Mary, as part of the ordination rite of a bishop.
On the Twelve Apostles of Christ and On the Seventy Apostles of Christ, are often neglected because the manuscripts were lost during most of the church age and then found in Greece in the 19th century.
Here is the complete text of Pseudo-Hippolytus's On the Seventy Apostles of Christ:
- James the Lord's brother, bishop of Jerusalem.
- Cleopas, bishop of Jerusalem.
- Matthias, who supplied the vacant place in the number of the twelve apostles.
- Thaddeus, who conveyed the epistle to Augarus (Abgar V).
- Ananias, who baptized Paul, and was bishop of Damascus.
- Stephen, the first martyr.
- Philip, who baptized the eunuch.
- Prochorus, bishop of Nicomedia, who also was the first that departed, 11 believing together with his daughters.
- Nicanor died when Stephen was martyred.
- Timon, bishop of Bostra.
- Parmenas, bishop of Soli.[a]
- Nicolaus, bishop of Samaria.
- Barnabas, bishop of Milan.
- Mark the Evangelist, bishop of Alexandria.
- Luke the Evangelist.
These two belonged to the seventy disciples who were scattered by the offence of the word which Christ spoke, “Except a man eat my flesh, and drink my blood, he is not worthy of me.” But the one being induced to return to the Lord by Peter’s instrumentality, and the other by Paul’s, they were honored to preach that Gospel on account of which they also suffered martyrdom, the one being burned, and the other being crucified on an olive tree.
- Silas, bishop of Corinth.
- Silvanus, bishop of Thessalonica.
- Crisces (Crescens), bishop of Carchedon in Gaul.
- Epænetus, bishop of Carthage.
- Andronicus, bishop of Pannonia.
- Amplias, bishop of Odyssus.
- Urban, bishop of Macedonia.
- Stachys, bishop of Byzantium.
- Barnabas, bishop of Heraclea
- Phygellus, bishop of Ephesus. He was of the party also of Simon.
- Hermogenes. He, too, was of the same mind with the former.
- Demas, who also became a priest of idols.
- Apelles, bishop of Smyrna.
- Aristobulus, bishop of Britain.
- Narcissus, bishop of Athens.
- Herodion, bishop of Tarsus.
- Agabus the prophet.
- Rufus, bishop of Thebes.
- Asyncritus, bishop of Hyrcania.
- Phlegon, bishop of Marathon.
- Hermes, bishop of Dalmatia.
- Patrobulus, bishop of Puteoli.
- Hermas, bishop of Philippi.
- Linus, bishop of Rome.
- Caius, bishop of Ephesus.
- Philologus, bishop of Sinope
- and 43. Olympus and Rhodion were martyred in Rome.
- Lucius, bishop of Laodicea in Syria.
- Jason, bishop of Tarsus.
- Sosipater, bishop of Iconium
- Tertius, bishop of Iconium.
- Erastus, bishop of Panellas.
- Quartus, bishop of Berytus.
- Apollos, bishop of Cæsarea.
- Cephas.
- Sosthenes, bishop of Colophonia.
- Tychicus, bishop of Colophonia.
- Epaphroditus, bishop of Andriace.
- Cæsar, bishop of Dyrrachium.
- Mark, cousin to Barnabas, bishop of Apollonia.
- Justus, bishop of Eleutheropolis.
- Artemas, bishop of Lystra.
- Clement, bishop of Sardinia.
- Onesiphorus, bishop of Corone.
- Tychicus, bishop of Chalcedon.
- Carpus, bishop of Berytus in Thrace.
- Evodus, bishop of Antioch.
- Aristarchus, bishop of Apamea.
- Mark, who is also John, bishop of Bibloupolis.
- Zenas, bishop of Diospolis.
- Philemon, bishop of Gaza.
- Aristarchus.
- Pudes.
- Trophimus, who was martyred along with Paul.
Amphibalus baptizing converts, from The Life of St. Alban, written and illustrated by Matthew Paris
...the earliest known Christian martyrs in Britain – Saint Alban and "Amphibalus" – probably lived in the early 4th century.
Christianization intensified with the legalisation of the Christian religion under Constantine the Great in the early 4th century.
Three Romano-British bishops, including Archbishop Restitutus of London, are known to have been present at the Synod of Arles in 314.
The British bishops were Eborius "de civitate Eboricensi" – from the city of Eboracum (York); Restitutus "de civitate Londenensi" – from the city of Londinium (London); and Adelfius "de civitate Colonia Londenensium" – that is, from the "colonia of the people of London".
Pelagius (c. AD 360 – 418)
...a theologian of British origin who advocated free will and asceticism. He was accused by Augustine of Hippo and others of denying the need for divine aid in performing good works. They understood him to have said that the only grace necessary was the declaration of the law; humans were not wounded by Adam's sin and were perfectly able to fulfill the law without divine aid. Pelagius denied Augustine's theory of original sin. His adherents cited Deuteronomy 24:16 in support of their position. Pelagius was declared a heretic by the Council of Carthage (418). His interpretation of a doctrine of free will became known as Pelagianism.
Around 367, the Great Conspiracy saw the troops along Hadrian's Wall mutiny, allowing the Picts to overrun the northern areas of Roman Britain
Roman authority was greatly weakened following the Visigoths' sack of Rome in 410. Medieval legend attributed widespread Saxon immigration to mercenaries hired by the British king Vortigern. The Saxon communities followed a form of Germanic paganism, driving Christian Britons back to Wales, Cornwall, and Brittany
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